RETINOPATHY

Some long-standing diseases can damage small blood vessels throughout the body. If the blood vessels in the retina (the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye) are affected, the damage is known as retinopathy. Retinal damage varies according to the under lying disorder but can include leakage of blood from damaged vessels, loss of blood flow to some areas, and abnormal development of new blood vessels. Retinopathy may cause loss of vision.

One of the most common causes of retinopathy is diabetes mellitus. The condition can also occur as a result of high blood pressure, although vision is not usually affected in this case. Less frequently, retinopathy may be caused by AIDS, oxygen therapy in premature babies, or by sickle-cell anemia. Usually, only the underlying disease is treated. However, in diabetic retinopathy, laser surgery treatment of the retina itself can save vision.

EYE INJURIES

The eyelid-closing reflex and the bony socket around the eye help protect the eye from injury. However, eye injuries are still common, and in some cases blindness may result if the injuries are not treated promptly.

The most common injury to the eye is a scratch on the transparent cornea caused by a foreign body in the eye. Minor injuries of this type rarely damage vision permanently unless they develop an infection that remains untreated. However, penetrating injuries in which the eye is pierced by a tiny, fast-moving object, such as a metal chip from machinery, can lead to total loss of sight. Blunt injuries, such as those due to a blow from a fist or ball, may also endanger vision. Injuries can also occur by using caustic chemicals or by looking directly at the sun.

Most eye injuries can be prevented by the use of protective eyewear when working with dangerous machines or chemicals or when participating in athletic activities. Never look directly at the sun, even while wearing sunglasses.


What are the symptoms